Stage-I fatigue crack studies in order to validate the dislocation-free zone model of fracture for bulk materials

Stage-I fatigue cracks are commonly described by the model of Bilby, Cottrell and Swinden (BCS model). However, since several experimental investigations have shown a dislocation-free zone (DFZ) in front of crack-tips, it is necessary to validate the new DFZ model and to examine the deviations to the BCS model. Therefore, the dislocation density distribution is derived from height profiles of slip lines in front of stage-I fatigue cracks in CMSX4® single crystals measured by contact-mode atomic force microscopy. This is possible, because the cracks are initiated at notches milled by focused ion beam technique directly on slip planes with a high Schmid factor. Consequently, the directions of the Burgers vectors are well known; it is possible to calculate the dislocation density distributions from the height profiles. The measured distributions are compared to the calculated distribution function of the DFZ model proposed by Chang et al. The additionally measured microscopic friction stress of the dislocations is then used to calculate the influence of grain boundaries on the dislocation density distribution in front of stage-I cracks. The calculation is done by the extended DFZ model of Shiue et al. and compared with the measured distribution function in polycrystalline specimens. Finally, the crack-tip sliding displacement as a measure for the crack propagation rate is compared for the DFZ model and the BCS model with the experimentally revealed values. The important result: the often used BCS model does not reflect the experimental measurements. On the contrary, the DFZ model reflects the measurements at stage-I cracks qualitatively and quantitatively.     

Robust output feedback cruise control for high-speed train movement with uncertain parameters

In this paper,the robust output feedback cruise control for high-speed train movement with uncertain parameters is investigated.The dynamic of a high-speed train is modeled by a cascade of cars connected by flexible couplers,which is subject to rolling mechanical resistance,aerodynamic drag and wind gust.Based on Lyapunov’s stability theory,the sufficient condition for the existence of the robust output feedback cruise control law is given in terms of linear matrix inequalities(LMIs),under which the high-speed train tracks the desired speed,the relative spring displacement between the two neighboring cars is stable at the equilibrium state,and meanwhile a small prescribed H∞ disturbance attenuation level is guaranteed.One numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

Universal scaling for the dilemma strength in evolutionary games

Why would natural selection favor the prevalence of cooperation within the groups of selfish individuals? A fruitful framework to address this question is evolutionary game theory, the essence of which is captured in the so-called social dilemmas. Such dilemmas have sparked the development of a variety of mathematical approaches to assess the conditions under which cooperation evolves. Furthermore, borrowing from statistical physics and network science, the research of the evolutionary game dynamics has been enriched with phenomena such as pattern formation, equilibrium selection, and self-organization. Numerous advances in understanding the evolution of cooperative behavior over the last few decades have recently been distilled into five reciprocity mechanisms: direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, kin selection, group selection, and network reciprocity. However, when social viscosity is introduced into a population via any of the reciprocity mechanisms, the existing scaling parameters for the dilemma strength do not yield a unique answer as to how the evolutionary dynamics should unfold. Motivated by this problem, we review the developments that led to the present state of affairs, highlight the accompanying pitfalls, and propose new universal scaling parameters for the dilemma strength. We prove universality by showing that the conditions for an ESS and the expressions for the internal equilibriums in an infinite, well-mixed population subjected to any of the five reciprocity mechanisms depend only on the new scaling parameters. A similar result is shown to hold for the fixation probability of the different strategies in a finite, well-mixed population. Furthermore, by means of numerical simulations, the same scaling parameters are shown to be effective even if the evolution of cooperation is considered on the spatial networks (with the exception of highly heterogeneous setups). We close the discussion by suggesting promising directions for future research including (i) how to handle the dilemma strength in the context of co-evolution and (ii) where to seek opportunities for applying the game theoretical approach with meaningful impact.     

A Spectral Method for the Electrohydrodynamic Flow in a Circular Cylindrical Conduit

This paper presents a combination of the hybrid spectral collocation technique and the spectral homotopy analysis method(SHAM for short) for solving the nonlinear boundary value problem(BVP for short) for the electrohydrodynamic flow of a fluid in an ion drag configuration in a circular cylindrical conduit. The accuracy of the present solution is found to be in excellent agreement with the previously published solution. The authors use an averaged residual error to find the optimal convergence-control parameters. Comparisons are made between SHAM generated results, results from literature and Matlab ode45 generated results, and good agreement is observed.     

Improving copper plating adhesion on glass using laser machining techniques and areal surface texture parameters

Glass is a promising substitute substrate material being evaluated for electronic packaging technology. Improving the electroless copper plated layer adhesion of the glass is one of the most important considerations for development of the technology. An excimer laser (248 nm) was used for structured texturing of glass surfaces (to improve adhesion) by changing mask dimensions, laser operating parameters and overlapping pitch spacing, and therefore producing a range of micro-scale features. Electroless plated copper adhesion strength was assessed using quantitative scratch testing, demonstrating that micro-patterned structures can significantly improve copper/glass adhesion. New ISO 25178 Part 2 areal surface texture parameters were used to characterise the surface roughness of ablated glass surfaces, and correlated to the scratch testing results. Highly correlated parameters were identified that could be used as predictive surface design tools, directly linking surface topography to adhesion performance, without the need for destructive adhesion quantification via scratch testing.     

手性负折射率材料的最新进展

阐述了手性负折射率现象的产生机制;总结了近几年国内外手性负折射率材料在仿真模拟和实验制备方面的研究进展;分析了手性负折射率材料的旋光性、手性参数、损耗等;介绍了手性负折射率材料在各个领域的应用。分析认为,探索手性负折射率材料的新机制、新方法和新材料,从而在可见光波段实现负折射率是未来手性负折射率材料的重要发展方向之一。     

扩展裂纹尖端奇异场的实验研究

用云纹方法测量了 LY12-M 铝材,双边裂纹试件、扩展裂纹沿 x和y方向位移场u_x,u_y。实验的裂纹尖端奇异场与 GH 理论奇异场进行了比较。两者偏差在±10％范围内,得到实验的 GH 奇异场范围与形状。实验证明:扩展裂纹尖端场有(lnA/r)~(α+1)奇异主导区。该主导区形状由腰子形向扁圆、圆形过渡,接近裂纹扩展时形状不规则。在 GH 主导区内,裂纹尖端附近有一个三维贲形,材料损伤区。在该区内 GH 奇异性不存在。     

氧化锆陶瓷的摩擦磨损行为与机理

氧化锆陶瓷的工程应用前景广阔，在许多场合都必须与水或水溶液接触，但有关这种陶恣在水中的摩擦磨损行为和机理的研究报道不多见，而且已有的工作也不够深入。因此，对氧化锆陶瓷分别在水润滑和干摩擦下的摩擦学特性及其磨损机理进行了考察。     

弹塑性平面Ⅰ型裂纹应力场的一个摄动解析解

本文利用摄动方法,得到了幂硬化材料平面Ⅰ型裂纹端应力奇异场的一个解析表达式,并与HRR数值结果进行了比较。分析表明:当硬化指数在[1,∞)变化时,应力场的结构形式不发生变化,为三角函数的线性组合。在一定的幂硬化指数变化范围内,解析解是数值解的很好近似,对应力分量σ_(θθ)和σ_(vθ),这一特点尤为突出。该解析解形式简洁,明了,可为弹塑性断裂的工程应用提供方便。     

Fatigue damage evolution in silicon films for micromechanical applications

In this paper we examine the conditions for surface topography evolution and crack growth/fracture during the cyclic actuation of polysilicon microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structures. The surface topography evolution that occurs during cyclic fatigue is shown to be stressassisted and may be predicted by linear perturbation analyses. The conditions for crack growth (due to pre-existing or nucleated cracks) are also examined within the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics. Within this framework, we consider pre-existing cracks in the topical SiO₂ layer that forms on the Si substrate in the absence of passivation. The thickening of the SiO₂ that is normally observed during cyclic actuation of Si MEMS structures is shown to increase the possibility of stable crack growth by stress corrosion cracking prior to the onset of unstable crack growth in the SiO₂ and Si layers. Finally, the implications of the results are discussed for the prediction of fatigue damage in silicon MEMS structures.